Senin, 09 Juli 2007

turbulen (1)

Apa itu turbulen?

Shall I refuse my dinner because i do not fully understand the process of digestion? (Oliver Heaviside)

"I am an old man now, and when I die and go to Heaven there are two matters on which I hope for enlightenment. One is quantum electrodynamics, and the other is the turbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I am really rather optimistic." Horace Lamb (the British physicist) told a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1932 [*].

Ya, itulah gambaran singkat mengenai turbulen. Turbulen termasuk cabang ilmu yang perkembangannya cukup lambat sampai tahun 1980-an. Setelah kemampuan komputer mengalami perkembangan yang pesat, turbulen juga mengalami pendalaman dan penjabaran yang sangat berarti. Walaupun telah disetujui secara umum bahwa kebanyakan aliran fluida di alam dan di bidang teknik adalah turbulen, namun belum ada definisi yang jelas dan unik tentang turbulen [1].

Turbulen dapat dengan mudah ditemui pada [1]:

  1. Dalam kebanyakan aliran dalam (internal flow) seperti aliran dalam pipa, penukar panas, peralatan kimia dan teknik lainnya, pompa, kompresor, turbin, mesin pembakaran dalam, dan lainnya.
  2. Dalam aliran luar (external flow) seperti aliran di luar pesawat terbang, kapal, kereta api, kendaraan bermotor, tenis, golf, dan lainnya.
  3. Dalam atmosfer bumi dalam angin pada ketinggian yang lebih rendah maupun yang lebih tinggi.
  4. Dalam aliran air di alam seperti sungai, danau, dan laut.

Apa yang menyebabkan aliran menjadi turbulen?

Pertanyaan ini menjadi dasar bagaimana sebuah aliran turbulen dipahami. Aliran akan menjadi turbulen jika gaya viskos lokal mampu diatasi oleh gaya inersia, gaya buoyancy, gaya centrifugal atau gaya lainnya. Gaya viskos inilah yang berperan terhadap kestabilan dari aliran. Aliran yang stabil kemudian disebut sebagai aliran laminar.

Pada saat gaya inersia dan gaya badan cukup besar dibandingkan gaya viskos, mereka akan memperbesar gangguan-gangguan acak yang ada pada setiap aliran untuk kemudian tumbuh dan menjadi tidak stabil dan tidak linear, berinteraksi satu dengan yang lain dan bergabung menjadi gerakan acak yang tidak beraturan. Pada saat tersebut aliran kemudian berubah menjadi turbulen. Kriteria dari suatu aliran akan menjadi turbulen adalah dengan melihat harga bilangan Re (Reynolds) dan Ra (Rayleigh) atau Gr (Grashof). Mengapa dengan bilangan Re? Karena bilangan Re merupakan perbandingan dari gaya inersia dan gaya viskos. Harga dari batas bilangan Re dan Ra untuk suatu aliran akan menjadi turbulen dapat ditentukan secara empirik.

Berikut beberapa kriteria turbulen.

  1. Pada aliran dalam pipa, Re kritik adalah 2300.
  2. Pada aliran di atas plat datar, Re kritik adalah 10^5 atau 10^6. Catatan: harga Re dihitung berdasar panjang karakteristik dari ujung plat.

Berikut adalah beberapa data harga Re untuk berbagai aktivitas yang umum:

  1. Aliran darah di aorta, Re ~ 1000.
  2. Orang berenang, Re ~ 4 x 10^6.
  3. Kapal besar di laut, Re ~ 5 x 10^9.
  4. Baseball, Re ~ 2 x 10^5.

Seberapa penting sih bilangan Re itu?.

Ya, bilangan Re sangat penting dalam suatu perancangan maupun analisa keteknikan yang berhubungan dengan aliran. Bilangan Re dapat mewakili karakteristik suatu benda terhadap suatu aliran. Pada saat mendesain suatu sayap pesawat terbang misalnya, dapat dilakukan dengan membuat suatu model 1/10. Model tersebut kemudian diuji dalam suatu terowongan angina (wind tunnel) dengan kecepatan 10 kali dari kecepatan yang sebenarnya (untuk memperoleh harga Re yang sama antara model dan sebenarnya). Hasil dari uji model tersebut dipercaya akan mirip dengan keadaan sebenarnya [*]. Alternatif lain adalah model ditersebut diuji dalam suatu fluida yang lebih viskos dari udara (misalnya air yang mempunyai viskositas dinamik 1/18 kali dari viskositas dinamik udara). Untuk mendapatkan harga Re yang sama, maka sayap tersebut dapat dibuat model dengan ukuran 1/18 dari ukuran sebenarnya.

Menarik bukan?

Ref:

  1. Hanjalic, K., 2005, Turbulence and Transport Phenomena, Modelling and Simulation, TU Darmstadt, Germany.

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